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Open science is a growing movement in the scientific community that aims to increase transparency and accessibility in research. It is an approach that seeks to make scientific knowledge freely available to everyone, without restrictions or barriers. In this article, we will explore some of the key terms in open science and their significance in promoting scientific progress.

1. Open Access: Open access is a principle that aims to make scientific research freely available to everyone, without any restrictions or barriers. This means that research papers, data, and other scholarly works can be accessed and used by anyone, regardless of their location or affiliation. Open access promotes collaboration, innovation, and progress by removing financial and legal barriers to scientific knowledge.
2. Open Data: Open data is a term that refers to research data that is made publicly available for use by anyone, without restrictions on its use or redistribution. This data can be used to verify research findings, develop new theories and models, and facilitate collaboration across different fields of study. Open data promotes transparency and accountability, and allows for more rigorous and reproducible scientific research.
3. Open Source: Open source is a term that refers to software that is made available under an open license, which allows others to use, modify, and redistribute it freely. Open source software is often developed collaboratively by a community of users and developers, who work together to improve and refine the software. Open source promotes innovation and collaboration, and has led to many breakthroughs in scientific computing and data analysis.
4. Reproducibility: Reproducibility refers to the ability of researchers to reproduce the results of a study using the same methods and data. Reproducibility is essential for scientific progress, as it ensures that research findings are accurate and reliable. Open science promotes reproducibility by making research data and methods available to others, allowing them to verify and reproduce the findings.
5. Transparency: Transparency refers to making the research process and data collection methods as clear and open as possible, allowing for greater scrutiny and reproducibility. Transparent research practices include making research protocols and methods publicly available, and providing detailed descriptions of the data collection and analysis procedures. Transparency promotes accountability and accuracy in scientific research, and helps to build trust and confidence in scientific findings.
6. Open Peer Review: Open peer review is the practice of making the peer review process transparent and open to the public, allowing for greater accountability and transparency. Open peer review involves making reviewer comments and author responses publicly available, and allowing readers to comment on the review process. Open peer review promotes transparency and accountability in scientific publishing, and helps to ensure that research findings are accurate and reliable.
7. Open Education: Open education is the practice of making educational resources and materials openly available to everyone, without restrictions on access or use. Open education promotes accessibility and equity in education, and allows learners to access high-quality educational resources regardless of their location or background. Open education also promotes collaboration and innovation, as educators and learners can share resources and collaborate on projects.
8. Open Innovation: Open innovation is the practice of making research and development processes openly accessible, allowing for collaboration and the sharing of ideas and resources. Open innovation promotes creativity and innovation by allowing researchers and developers to build on each other’s work and ideas. Open innovation also promotes collaboration across different fields of study, which can lead to breakthroughs in scientific research and technological development.
9. Open Collaboration: Open collaboration is the practice of working together in a transparent and open manner, with a focus on sharing resources, knowledge, and expertise. Open collaboration promotes creativity and innovation, as collaborators can build on each other’s ideas and expertise. Open collaboration also promotes inclusivity and equity, as it allows people from different backgrounds and locations to work together on common goals.
10. Open Science Policy: Open science policy is a set of guidelines and principles that encourage

By removing barriers to knowledge and promoting open practices, open science has the potential to accelerate scientific progress and benefit society as a whole. The key terms in open science, such as open access, open data, reproducibility, and transparency, are essential components of this approach. As more researchers, institutions, and policymakers embrace open science, we can expect to see more innovative and impactful scientific discoveries that benefit humanity.

Image: The American Ceramic Society

The scientific community is currently facing a “reproducibility crisis” in which many influential findings are failing to replicate, and questionable research and publication practices (QRPPs) are partly to blame for this. In response, a movement of Open Science has emerged, which encompasses a range of practices that aim to increase the transparency and rigour of scientific research. However, many researchers are not embracing open practices, perhaps due to a lack of awareness of their benefits, or because of academic incentive structures that reward quantity over quality.

To promote the uptake and maintenance of open practices, this article provides a toolbox of recommendations and resources for individuals and institutions in the research ecosystem. The paper is divided into seven sections, each focused on a different stakeholder group or institution: colleagues, students, departments and faculties, universities, academic libraries, journals, and funders. For each group, the article describes the behavioural influences and incentives, as well as changes they can make to foster Open Science.

The primary goal of the article is to suggest actions that researchers can take to promote open practices, inspired by simple principles of behaviour change: make it easy, social, and attractive. Researchers can directly influence their colleagues and students to adopt open practices, and the article outlines actions they can take to achieve this. However, institutions also play a key role in promoting Open Science, and the article recommends ways in which individuals can influence institutional decision-makers to enact change.

The key behaviours that the article suggests are critical to Open Science are preregistration, preprints and open access publication, publicly sharing open and usable data and code, and conducting replication studies. By adopting these practices, researchers can increase the transparency and rigour of their research and contribute to a more open research culture.

In conclusion, Open Science is a movement aimed at increasing the transparency and rigour of scientific research, and the adoption of open practices can help to address the reproducibility crisis. This article provides a toolbox of recommendations and resources for individuals and institutions to promote the uptake of open practices, with a focus on making it easy, social, and attractive to do so. By adopting open practices, researchers can contribute to a more transparent and rigorous scientific community.

Original article can be found here.

Open science refers to the practice of making scientific research freely accessible to everyone, without any barriers. It’s an important concept that has gained momentum in recent years, as researchers and institutions recognize the value of sharing their findings with the wider world.

However, one of the major challenges of open science is funding. While traditional scientific research is often funded by grants from government agencies or private foundations, open science relies on a different model. Instead of relying on grants or donations, open science projects often rely on community support and crowdfunding.

There are a number of advantages to this approach. First, it allows researchers to engage directly with their audience, building a community of supporters who are invested in their work. Second, it allows researchers to access funding without having to navigate the often-complex grant application process. And third, it ensures that the research remains independent and free from external influence.

Of course, there are also some challenges to funding open science in this way. For one, it can be difficult to attract enough supporters to provide sustainable funding over the long term. And second, it can be challenging to ensure that the research is of high quality and rigorous enough to meet scientific standards.

Despite these challenges, there are a number of successful open science projects that have been funded in this way. For example, there are several open-access scientific journals that are supported by author fees and community donations. There are also projects like the Open Source Science Project, which aims to provide a platform for scientists to collaborate and share their findings openly.

Overall, funding for open science remains an important topic of discussion in the scientific community. While there are challenges to this approach, there are also many potential benefits. As more researchers and institutions embrace open science, we can expect to see more innovative funding models emerge to support this important work.

Open science is a movement that aims to make scientific research and data freely available to the public. The European Union (EU) has recognized the importance of open science and has developed a framework to promote it across Europe. The European Framework for Open Science (EFOS) provides a roadmap for researchers, institutions, and policymakers to advance open science practices and principles.

The EFOS is built on three pillars: open access to scientific publications, open research data, and open science policies. The first pillar, open access to scientific publications, ensures that the results of publicly funded research are freely accessible to everyone. This means that scientific papers should be published in open access journals or deposited in open access repositories. By making research papers available to all, the EFOS aims to increase the impact and visibility of research, promote collaboration, and facilitate innovation.

The second pillar of the EFOS is open research data. Research data is the foundation of scientific discovery, and sharing it openly can enhance transparency, reproducibility, and collaboration. The EFOS encourages researchers to share their data openly, following the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). By making data accessible and reusable, the EFOS aims to accelerate scientific progress and innovation.

The third pillar of the EFOS is open science policies. These policies are guidelines and recommendations that promote open science practices in research institutions, funding agencies, and governments. The EFOS encourages institutions and organizations to adopt open science policies that promote open access to publications and data, as well as transparent and reproducible research practices.

The EFOS also highlights the importance of training and education in open science practices. It encourages researchers, students, and other stakeholders to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to participate in open science activities. The EFOS provides resources and support for training and education in open science practices.

The EFOS is a significant step towards advancing open science practices in Europe. It provides a framework for researchers, institutions, and policymakers to promote open science practices and principles. By promoting open access to publications and data, transparent and reproducible research practices, and open science policies, the EFOS aims to accelerate scientific progress, enhance collaboration and innovation, and ultimately benefit society as a whole.

The European Framework for Open Science is an essential initiative that promotes open science practices and principles across Europe. It provides a roadmap for researchers, institutions, and policymakers to advance open science practices and principles, enhancing transparency, reproducibility, and collaboration. By promoting open access to publications and data, open science policies, and education and training in open science practices, the EFOS aims to accelerate scientific progress and innovation, benefiting society as a whole.

In the era of digital media, the spread of fake news has become a significant concern for society. Misinformation can be spread at an alarming rate, potentially causing harm to individuals, groups, and even entire communities. One way to combat this problem is through open science, which emphasizes transparency, collaboration, and evidence-based knowledge.

Open science is a movement that aims to make scientific research more accessible and transparent to the public. It encourages scientists to share their data, methods, and findings openly, so that others can verify and build upon their work. This approach can help to prevent fake news by providing accurate, reliable information that can be used to counter misinformation.

One of the main benefits of open science is that it allows for greater scrutiny of scientific research. By sharing their data and methods, scientists can invite others to review and validate their work. This peer review process helps to ensure that research is based on sound principles and is free from errors or biases. When research is subjected to rigorous scrutiny, it is less likely to be misrepresented or distorted by individuals with a particular agenda.

Open science can also help to promote trust in scientific research. By being transparent about their methods and data, scientists can demonstrate that their research is based on sound principles and is not influenced by personal biases or external pressures. This transparency can help to counteract the perception that science is a closed, elitist field that is only accessible to a select few.

In addition to promoting transparency and trust, open science can also help to promote collaboration and innovation. By sharing their data and methods openly, scientists can work together more effectively and build on each other’s findings. This can lead to more rapid progress in scientific research, as well as the development of new ideas and technologies.

Overall, open science is a powerful tool for combating fake news. By promoting transparency, collaboration, and evidence-based knowledge, it can help to ensure that scientific research is accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. As society continues to grapple with the challenge of fake news, open science can provide a valuable framework for promoting truth and accuracy in information.

The practice of sharing data is fundamental to the principles of open science. Open science advocates for the sharing of scientific research and discoveries, and one of the crucial aspects of this approach is data sharing. Open data provides transparency and allows for replication of experiments, which ultimately leads to a more rigorous scientific process. In this article, we will discuss the importance of data sharing in open science.

First and foremost, data sharing promotes transparency in the scientific process. When researchers share their data, other scientists can examine and reproduce their experiments, which helps to validate their findings. Transparency is essential because it allows for greater accountability in scientific research. When data is shared, other researchers can scrutinize the methods used, the analysis performed, and the conclusions drawn from the data. This scrutiny ensures that research is conducted ethically and that results are reliable.

Data sharing also promotes collaboration among researchers. By making data available to others, researchers can work together to answer complex scientific questions. Collaboration is essential because it encourages the exchange of ideas, which can lead to new discoveries and breakthroughs. When data is shared, it becomes a valuable resource for the scientific community, which can accelerate scientific progress.

In addition, data sharing helps to reduce redundancy in research. When data is shared, researchers can avoid duplicating experiments that have already been conducted. This can save time, resources, and funding, which can be directed towards new research projects. By reducing redundancy, data sharing can help to maximize the impact of research.

Another benefit of data sharing is that it can increase the visibility and impact of research. When data is shared openly, it can be accessed by a wider audience, including policymakers, educators, and the general public. This can lead to greater awareness and understanding of scientific research, which can ultimately lead to greater support and funding for scientific research.

Furthermore, data sharing is essential for the reproducibility of research. Reproducibility is the ability to reproduce research findings using the same methods and data. When data is shared, other researchers can attempt to replicate experiments and verify the results. This process ensures that research findings are accurate and reliable, which is essential for the advancement of scientific knowledge.

Finally, data sharing promotes fairness in the scientific process. When data is shared, it becomes accessible to researchers from all over the world, regardless of their resources or funding. This can help to level the playing field and ensure that all researchers have access to the same data, which can lead to more equitable and unbiased scientific research.

Data sharing is crucial for open science. It promotes transparency, collaboration, reduces redundancy, increases the visibility and impact of research, ensures reproducibility, and promotes fairness in the scientific process. Therefore, scientists should be encouraged to share their data openly to accelerate scientific progress and promote the greater good of society.

Open science is a movement that aims to make scientific research more transparent, accessible, and collaborative. One of the key elements of open science is open access publishing, which allows anyone to read scientific articles online without paying for access. However, there are various publishing models that fall under the umbrella of open science. In this article, we will explore the different publishing models in open science and their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Gold open access

Gold open access is a publishing model in which the author or the author’s institution pays a fee to make the article freely available to readers. This model is often referred to as the article processing charge (APC) model. The advantage of this model is that it allows readers to access articles for free, which increases the visibility and impact of the research. Moreover, it ensures that the authors retain the copyright to their work. However, the APCs can be high, and this model can be a barrier to researchers from low-income countries.

2. Green open access

Green open access is a publishing model in which authors deposit their articles in a repository or an archive, often after a period of embargo. This model is also referred to as self-archiving. The advantage of this model is that it allows authors to make their articles freely available without paying APCs. Moreover, it allows readers to access articles even if they do not have access to a subscription. However, this model can lead to confusion about the version of the article that is being cited and can also lead to copyright issues.

3. Platinum open access

Platinum open access is a publishing model in which the entire publishing process is funded by non-profit organizations, such as foundations, societies, or universities. This model eliminates the need for APCs, and the articles are freely available to readers. The advantage of this model is that it provides a sustainable and equitable model for open access publishing. However, this model can be difficult to implement on a large scale, and it may not be financially sustainable for all types of publications.

4. Diamond open access

Diamond open access is a publishing model in which the entire publishing process is funded by non-profit organizations, and the articles are free to read and publish. This model is also referred to as community-based publishing. The advantage of this model is that it allows for greater collaboration between researchers and can lead to more diverse and inclusive publications. However, this model can be challenging to implement on a large scale, and it requires significant community engagement and support.

5. Hybrid open access

Hybrid open access is a publishing model in which publishers offer a combination of open access and subscription-based publishing. This model allows authors to choose whether they want to publish their articles in open access or subscription-based journals. The advantage of this model is that it allows authors to publish their articles in prestigious journals that may not be fully open access. However, this model can lead to confusion about the availability of articles and can be costly for authors who choose to publish in open access journals.

Open science has brought about several publishing models that aim to make scientific research more transparent, accessible, and collaborative. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to authors and publishers to choose the best model for their publications. Regardless of the publishing model, open access publishing can increase the visibility and impact of scientific research and promote greater collaboration between researchers.